Publication in ACS OMEGA
This review summarizes current knowledge on the interactions between electric fields and microorganisms across multiple biological scales, from molecular and cellular responses to changes in microbial populations and communities. Special attention is given to the effects of EFs on cell envelopes, gene regulation, stress adaptation, biofilm formation, microbial communication, and electrokinetic processes.
By linking these mechanisms to practical outcomes such as enhanced pollutant removal, improved sludge properties, and increased bioenergy recovery, the review provides a comprehensive framework for the development and optimization of EF-based technologies in sustainable wastewater treatment systems.